1.11

1. Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
2. Hydroelectric Power, Solar Power, Wind Power, 
3. To counteract climate change or "Global Warming" without having serious negative impacts on the community
4. Australia, China, The United States and India
5. Australia's coal reserves have about 76 billion tonnes in them
6. Australia's natural gas reserves have remained relatively untapped over the years because of the abundance and demand of coal and oil
7. The solar power plant being built near Mildura will have technology to power satellites and consists of fields of mirrors each covering 0.8 kilometres.
8. Large turbines are situated on poles, and when the wind pushes and turns them it generates electricity

9. Positive	Negative
   It supplies energy to 18000 homes	The farm cost $65 million
   Will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by two million tonnes over 25 years	These turbines measures 100 metres in length and has to have a 25 kilometre transmission line to get power to Yankalilla, the distribution network

10. Hydro, Solar and Wind power are good because they give out the same amount of power and electricity for less cost and leaves a smaller carbon footprint. Solar power allows us to draw power from the sun and is very cost-effective. Hydro power allows us to draw power from water and supply houses with electricity. Wind power uses wind to generate electricity. 2 out of the 3 things I listed are unlimited, Solar and Wind, so this could last us for hundreds of years if not longer.
11. All of the pipelines that are currently built and operating are very close to Natural Gas production basins, inland for the east coast, out to sea for the west coast. These pipelines also travel to all the major cities in Australia, such as Sydney, Perth and Brisbane.
12. 
    A) i)$16.8 billion ii)$5.2 billion iii)$3.1 billion
    B) i)$25 billion ii)$6.5 billion iii)$3 billion
    C) Coal

1.       Resources are any physical or virtual entity that are of limited availability, or anything used to help someone earn a living. In most cases, commercial or even ethic factors require resource allocation through resource management.

2.       A renewable resource is a natural way of making energy such as, wind power or hydroelectricity, it is something that leaves the material you used in the same form. Were non renewrable resources are like coal being bunt, it releses Co2 into the attmosphire, and the coal is changed.

3.       A renewable resource can become non renewable through over exploitation

4.       Soil is an important resource because it is the basis for agricultural activities.

5.       Silviculture is the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests

6.       It is 164.4 million hectares

7.       Australia’s fishing and aquaculture industries are worth more than $2 and they are extremely valuable

8.       The Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) set a limit of 5265 tonnes for the southern blue fin tuna catch in 2006.

9.       Bauxite, iron ore, lead, zinc, silver, uranium, industrial diamonds and mineral sands.

10.   Australia’s mineral reserves are increasing because of the ever growing demand of the mineral reserves in which we export.

11.   Australias forest resources are incredibly large, they cover over 164 million hectares. Australia in an incredibly large country, and the forest occupies 21% of it. The forest provides masses of resources to the Australian people. Yet not all the forest is native, actually 1.7 million hectares isn’t native. Over $20 million dollars a year comes from exports of wood products.

12.   Uranium is a valuable source as nuclear fuel for nuclear power reactors. The nuclear energy has no contribution to global warming and is an alternative to fossil fuels.

13.   World heritage sites are valuable resources because they are of great significance on a national and global scale, and so bring tourists that are associated economics benefits.

14.   Uranium mining could have a major effect on the landscape because it requires lots of different machines to makes sure that people mine it correctly and without hazard, so large spaces of the Australian country side are effected.

15.   The Australian fishing grounds are all around Australia, mainly on the east coast

16.  
A) Many of the mines are spread out around Australia, mainly congregating in the Northern Territory.
B)Radium Hill
C) Ranger                                                                                                       

17.    

18.  
A)
i) 399 million,
ii) 237 million
iii) 528 million
B)
i) 437.3 million
C) The value of uranium has definitely increased as demand increases and as nuclear technology (weapons, power) evolves.

1.7

1.     Australia has been isolated for over  50 million years, so as a result the fauna and flora have evolved differently to the other species in different continents of the world.

2.     Because of the stability of the environment, and the respect the native aboriginals had for the land species in Australia have lived succsefuly for millions of years

3.     Endemic means something that is not found anywhere else in the world.

4.     Around 89% of Australian reptiles are endemic.

5.     The South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia and The Great Barrier Reef, The Tropical Rainforest 

6.     The Tropical Rainforest

7.     Marsupials are mammals that have pouches, like Kangaroos, and Wombats

8.     Monotremes are egg laying mammals . Example, Duck Billed Platypus

9.     The are very minute differences between the Kangaroo, and the Wallaby. The wallaby is smaller then the Kangaroo, and enjoys rugged terrain where as the Kangaroo enjoys long grassed areas. 

10.    The platypus is a semi-aquatic mammal endemic to eastern Australia. It is one of the five extant species of monotremes, the only mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. It is one of the most peculiar Australian animals, and for along time scientists weren't not sure how to classify it.

11.  Banksia marginata, commonly known as Silver Banksia, is a species of tree or woody shrub in the plant genus Banksia. it reaches up to 8 m tall. It occurs throughout the south east corner of Australia, from the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia, to north of Armidale, New South Wales, including Tasmania, Flinders Island and King Island. 

1.5

1. The three main land regions of Australia are; Western Plateau, Central Lowlands and Eastern Highlands.
2. The Australian alps are in Victoria 
3. The mountains in the Australian alps are rounded because they are extremely old and they have been subjected to erosion for over 860 million years
4. Uluru is located in the very south-west corner of the Northern Territory.
5. Uluru which is also known as Ayers Rock, is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory, central Australia. Kata Tjuta and Uluru are the two major features of the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. Uluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara, the Aboriginal people of the area. It has many springs, waterholes, rock caves and ancient paintings. Uluru is listed as a World Heritage Site.
6. In the middle of the day the Sun’s rays pass through less thickness of atmosphere so less of the blue light is filtered. Where as at sunrise and sunset, the Sun’s rays pass through a greater thickness of atmosphere; therefore, more of the blue light is filtered, giving it a really red colour
7. A drainage basin is an area of land where surface water from rain meet at a single point, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean.
8. The two largest drainage basins in Australia are; Lake Eyre and the Murray - Darling basin.
9. The three largest rivers in Australia are; the Murray River, Murrumbidgee River and the Darling River.
10. The water in lake Eyre basin flows down to Lake Eyre, although most of the water is actually lost through evaporation
11. Finke River is unusual because it only flows a few days each year, also most of the water is lost to evaporation through the Simpson Desert, and it's believed that water flowing through it has only reached Lake Eyre once in the last century.
12. The Fraklin river is located in the south-west area of Tasmania. It has become synonymous with conversation because of the ‘Battle to Save the Franklin’ campaign which rescued it from being dammed for hydro-electric power in the 1980s. The campaign by the Tasmanian Wilderness Society and other conservation groups used the media to raise awareness nationally and internationally, and mobilised thousands of people in peaceful protests.
13. The Fraklin River was saved by the court ruling for it to be a environmental landmark

Exchange Student

Sydney temperature and rainfall averages

New York temperature and rainfall averages 

To Jerry

Hey man, just wanted to write to you to make sure you know and that you come prepared for the weather for your exchange to Australia this month. The weather over here is a fair bit warmer then over in New York, where actually entering Autumn now, where as i believe your entering spring? Anyways as the graphs above show we're starting to get into a colder season, usually it won't get below 7 degrees, and almost never around freezing point, altthough you do still need to bring some like skiing gear, like a woolly jumper, some thermals, and long pants as we will most likely be going to Thredbo in May. The weather in Sydney can change rapidly, so I wouldn't completely ignore the idea of shorts, and short sleeve t-shirts, one day it will be pretty cold and then next it will be warm and sunny... but with that in mind there's no need to bring more than maybe 3 - 4  pairs of shorts. It does tend to rain quite a bit on and off, so bring an umbrella and maybe a raincoat just in-case, I mean if you don't bring them it's not that big of a deal we can easily buy one, but it's just something to keep in mind. Usually the temperature is pretty reasonable, at about maybe 15 - 22 degrees throughout autumn which isn't that much different to New York at this time of year so pack what you think will best suites you for casual, like jeans, jumpers, t-shirts, whatever you want really. 

cya soon,

Campbell Fisher

1.6 Australia's Climate and Vegetation

1. Climate is the pattern of weather that is expected to occur in a certain place at a specific time. They usually base this on the weather patterns that have occurred over the passed 30 years.
   
2. The equator is the center Longitude line on the earth, it receives more sun than any other place on earth, so the closer somewhere is to the equator, the hotter it usually is because it receives more sun, and so will become hotter, and places that are further north and south, away from the equator get less sun and so are colder.
   
3. In the summer there are usually low pressure winds in the north, so there is no breeze and it gets hotter, but in the south there is higher pressure winds, so its cooler. While in winter its the opposite, so its much colder in the north and much hotter in the south.
   
4. Ocean currents from the direction of Antarctica bring colder conditions and those from closer to the equator bring warmer conditions.
   
5. The influence that relief has on the climate is that it makes more cloud cover and in higher areas there is more rainfall and it is generally cooler with thinner air.
   
6. 
   a) The average climate conditions are very useful for the average farmer. Farmers have to know the average climate temperature, rainfall, and other natural ocurances from past recordings. It helps them make an informed guess as to when the best time to plant their crops and/or harvest their crops.
   
   b) The average climate conditions are quite handy to know about if your a tourist coming to Australia. It allows them to predict a best time for them to come to Australia, and depending on the weather what they can/want to do while they are here.
   
7. The relationship between the climate and the vegetation in Australia is very important. All throughout the middle of Australia it is mostly dessert, only the coastline of Australia has/can be populated vastly. In the center of Australia there is mostly scrubland, and the coastline is full of forests, woodland, and farming land. Forests need more rainfall and more humid climates, where as in the dessert the shrubland needs the complete opposite.
   
8. 
   a) Darwin: Annual Precipitation= 1708.8 mm   Average Annual Temperature= 27.6 degrees Hobart: Annual Precipitation= 519.2 mm    Average Annual Temperature= 12.4 degrees
   b) The limitations with using average figures to describe the climate is that you can't get a definite idea of the present climate as it's very rarely the same as previous years, which is where the average come from.
   
9. Melbourne is in climate zone describe as being a 'temperate climate zone', with low to average rainfall and mid range-average temperatures. Alice Springs is in the middle of Australia, in a sub tropical climate zone. It has very low rainfall, and high temperatures. However temperatures can drop sharply at night time because its in the desert. Alice Springs has the greatest temperature range, from a maximum daily temperature of 35 degrees in January to a minimum temperature of 4 degrees in July. Melbourne has the most rainfall with rainfall pretty even throughout the year.