How many parts of the project have you complete?

World el Nino Map  -- Not complete

World la Nina -- Not complete

Australia el Nino Map -- In progress by David Jerogin

Australia la Nina Map (w/ natural disaster) -- Completed by David Jerogin

el Nino Natural Disaster Fact Sheet -- In progress by Campbell 

la Nina Natural Disaster Fact Sheet -- In progress by Campbell

1. A flood is an area of that is severely covered in typically rain water.
2. Flash flooding is when small rivers or streams over flow and urban areas are vulnerable because they have more streams near there main township which will cause flooding of the streets, business and residential areas
3. flooding varies between inland and coastal but some land is flat and some have more soil
4. 3 impacts floods have on communities is that land is very hilly, and there for allow water to pool, they are usually very confined, most houses and buisneses are in the same place which means that if one place gets flooded they all do.
5. the environmental factors that caused the 1998 floods is that flooding in that area is alot higher than in the area of the 2006 floods
6. an economic factor that was on the katherine community is that there were lots of rivers an social one is lives were lost
7. 
   a)  The gradient of each river is that the river was slowb)  Graqdient was a lot higher in the inland riverc)  Flooding clears in days because of sedimentation  
8. Damns force the water level to rise 
9. The brochure warning of flash flooding would have on it to go outside and go to higher ground to stay safe
10. The impact of the flood in katherine is that there were a lot of rivers and streams casing the river to rise

2.3

1. A severe storm is characterised by lightning and thunder, and is defined as one which produces any or all of the following:
   -  hail with a diameter of 2 centimetres or more
   -  wind gusts of 90 kilometres per hour or more
   -  flash flooding
   -  tornados.
2. Aspects that present risk to human life are, flash floods, lightneing and hail.
3. The atmospheric conditions that cause severe storms typically develop when warm humid air is pushed upward into the atmosphere by converging surface winds
4. Latent heat pushes clouds up higher into the atmosphere where they cool rapidly and ice crystals form.
5. Hail tends to form higher up in the atmosphere about 12 kilometers high where the water freezes and hail forms 
6. A tornado will generally form up in the clouds
7. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Weather warnings are devolped by weather instruments that are placed around cities.
8. Sevre storms are still highly unpredictable accourances because they can apear anywhere at any time extremely quickly, giving no warning.
9. 
   a) It was issued at 1:14 PM Monday, 13 November 2006.
   b) Greater Newcastle and Maitland/Cessnock areas
   c) the next storm warning to be published was 2:10pm
   d) the actions i would recommend to protect lives is to put everyone inside and stay down

2.2 Questions

1. A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments.
2. Landslides can be triggered by natural causes like heavy rainfall saturating the soil, vibrations from earthquakes or undercutting of banks and cliffs from waves or rivers.
3. Human actions cause almost half of the landslides in Australia. Construction of roads and railways on hillsides along with building works can weaken hillsides and make them more vulnerable during heavy rainfall. Mining activities also contribute to the hazard.
4. The cause of earthquakes in Australia is intra-plate tension where movements occur along cracks and faults in the Earth’s crust, and are measured be the Richter scale 
5. The main causes of earthquakes in Australia is Intra-plate tension where movements occur along cracks and faults in the Earth’s crust 
6. Australia has earthquakes measuring 5.5 on the richtor scaled approxamitly every 15 months, and it doesn’t cause much damage as Australia is on a tectonic plate not next to one.
7. The Newcastle earthquake killed 13 people and injured 120. It also impacted on buildings, with 35 000 homes and 3000 other buildings being moderately to seriously damaged in Newcastle, and a total of 70 000 buildings in the region sustaining minor damage.
8. The difference between a landslide and an earthquake is that a landslide shifts material on top of the ground, where an earthquake shakes the ground from underneath.
9. A Tsunami is a massive wave which is cause by an earthquake which occours under the sea. 
10. An earthquake, landslide or volcano occurs under the sea it can trigger a tsunami.

12. Shake, drop & roar

13.   A 9.3 Richter scale Earthquake off the west coast of Sumatra

14.   There are 23 automated earthquake monitoring stations. It took these stations 20 minutes to pick up the earthquake.

15.   The Tsunami grows taller and wider but slows down dramatically.

16.   The United Nations developed a Tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean.

17.   Ted Bryant is a Wollongong University geoscience professor that has warned that Tsunami’s caused by New Zealand’s Alpine Fault could strike New South Wales as often as every 500 years.

18.  18. A)  15 degrees North and 90 degrees East

B)
i) 2 hours
ii) 10 hours
iii) 4.5 hours
iv)9 hours

19.We are at Thredbo after just 4 hours ago, a devastating landslide swept everything away that got in the way of it's unmerciful hands. Approximately 3500 tonnes of dirt and derbies came tumbling down the once blemished ski slopes destroying the Bimbadenn and Carinya Lodges, and leaving a death toll of 18 people. This has majorly affected the ski slopes and mountains that Thredbo exploits as its main source of income, as they have been closed due to the landslide and the damages that have been caused.

 20. 

Deadly storms in US

• The death toll, including those who were killed by storms earlier in the week in Arkansas, reached 333. On Friday evening, Alabama emergency officials announced that the state’s death toll had reached 232.
• Power remained out for hundreds of thousands throughout the South, rendering gas stations, grocery stores and banks useless. Fifteen hundred people were staying in more than 65 Red Cross shelters, a fraction of those who were left homeless but an indication of the numbers who are now destitute.
• So far in Alabama, 654 families have been displaced from public or government-assisted housing units, according to an initial count by the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development.
• Insurance claims are already growing exponentially, and could approach $1 billion

Social effects of a heat wave

• A clear outcome of heat waves is a rapid rise in mortality. When a heat wave strikes communities can sometimes lose a mass of people through environmental and just simply the effects resulting from the extreme heat.
• Excessive heat which comes from heat waves and droughts causes psychological stress, to a degree which affects performance, and is also associated with an increase in violent crime.
• Extreme heat can cause diverse problems with health. Heat waves usually cause mass dehydration which can cause a long list of problems. 
• Heat waves also effect transport, through speed reductions on rail networks and the deterioration of surfaces on roads that have not been resealed following new standards for asphalting.